Different Types Of Leadership Styles - 1288 Words

Background In the past several years, researchers have done a thorough research work in how they define leadership and leadership behavior. Leadership students and researchers have described many different types of leadership styles. The democratic and autocratic leadership styles are just two of the most prominent leadership styles that have been identified in leadership literatures. In 1939, a group of researchers led by psychologist Kurt Lewin decided to identify the different types of leadership styles that exist in the modern world. This early study was very important and actually established the three major leadership styles (democratic, autocratic and lasseiz-faire) that are very common in today s leadership literature. In Lewin s study, school children were assigned to one of three groups. Autocratic, democratic, or lasseiz-faire leader led each group. The kids were told by each group leader to complete an arts and crafts project as various researchers observed the children s behavior in response to each leader s leadership styles. The result of the study show that children in democratic group were less productive than members of the authoritarian but their contributions were of a much higher quality. So, the main question is : Which of this leadership style is better according to various past researches? The answer is : It depends. Leadership styl e has changed from a very autocratic approach to a very creative participative approach. ThisShow MoreRelatedDifferent Types Of Leadership Styles1127 Words   |  5 PagesInfluence, goals, and people is what leadership has been built off of creating variations of different types of leadership traits and styles. Leadership is simply defined as the ability to impact people to obtain a certain goal or accomplishment. In any type of business or corporation, leadership is an overall activity that is only distinctive among people within an organization. Uncertainty is a variation that come with a leadership role. This variation makes a leader a quick thinker and valuesRead MoreDifferent Types Of Leadership Styles976 Words   |  4 PagesThis paper discusses different type of leadership styles. Servant leadership is a leadership that was discovered by Robert K. Greenleaf. Greenleaf founds some key tools on how individuals can serve and be leaders at the same time while being effective. Many organization use this theory in their organizations rather it’s for- profit or non- profit. It will be explored on how organizations use this theory and how it works for them as well as what leadership style is used for my particular organizationRead MoreDifferent Types Of Leadership Styles1718 Words   |  7 Pageskinds of leadership styles used to facilitate the actions of others. Mirriam-Webster.com defines leadership as â€Å"a position as a leader of a group, organization, etc†. Another more inclusive definition regarding the leading role is â€Å"managers motivating employees, directing their activities, selecting the most effective communication channels, or resolving conflicts among members† (Robbins, Judge, 2013). If a company or organization suffers from poor, none, or the wrong leadership styles, everyoneRead MoreDifferent Types Of Leadership Styles1799 Words   |  8 PagesLeadership Styles Different leadership styles There are many different types of leadership styles that are adjusted to suit different roles of jobs. All leadership styles have a direct reasoning to provide direction, as well as motivating individuals. Authoritarian Leadership (also known as autocratic) has a high level of control. It empowers people to follow the directions given. It is frequently considered a classic leadership style and is used when the leader wants to take as much control asRead MoreDifferent Types Of Leadership Styles935 Words   |  4 Pagessupportive and they set the example for everyone to see. I think every successful leader follows this philosophy whether they realize it or not. I have worked for several leaders throughout my 21 plus year career and I have seen all different types of leadership styles. I have learned something from every leader I have worked for, whether they were a great leader who I wanted to emulate later on in my career, or the leader that I swore I would never be like. We learn from everyone that we work forRead MoreDifferent Types Of Leadership Styles868 Words   |  4 PagesBeing an effective manager means knowing when to use the right management style. The six management sty les are coaching, strategic, laissez- faire, bureaucratic, autocratic, and democratic. Managers have to perform many roles in an organization and knowing how they would handle difficult situations will depend on their style of management. The purpose of the paper is to understand a little about all the management styles and then which one best fits my personality and how it should be handled. BeingRead MoreDifferent Types Of Leadership Styles1330 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is Leadership? Why are there so many types of Leadership? Which one is the right one? These are all important questions people who are trying to lead ask. John Maxwell a well-known author on leadership stated simply â€Å"Leadership is influence†. There are numerous types of leadership styles, they all have their strong points about them, and depending who you are the circumstances can dictate which type of person with what type of leadership style will be successful. In this paper I will discussRead MoreD ifferent Types Of Leaders And Styles Of Leadership1590 Words   |  7 Pagesobligation to be a leader (Dufour, Marzano, 2011). Leadership defined by Owen (2002) is, â€Å"A journey of discovery. It is the expression of a person at his or her best whose aim is to transform something for the better and to develop this potential in others. It is not a solitary pursuit but one that harnesses the energy of those around you. Leadership is a process in which leaders and followers engage to achieve mutual goals. Prentice (2004) defines leadership as the accomplishment of a goal through theRead MoreEssay about different types of leadership styles9138 Words   |  37 Pages 3. Among the different types of leadership styles, which style would be suitable to a democratic country like India to become superpower in business? Justify your answer. LEADERSHIP The only definition of a leader is someone who has followers. To gain followers requires influence but doesnt exclude the lack of integrity in achieving this. Indeed, it can be argued that several of the worlds greatest leaders have lacked integrity and have adopted values that would not be shared by manyRead MoreTypes Of Leadership Traits And Effective Leadership Styles That Will Be Best For Different Situations Essay1488 Words   |  6 Pagesothers. A true leader is one who has the power, passion, and ability to guide others in the right direction. Leadership is having the control and will power to direct any group of people towards a common goal. There are several types of leadership traits and effective leadership styles that will be best for different situations. If leadership was easy, everyone would be doing it. Leadership requires more than just a few hopeful words and promises. It takes passionate and knowledgeable individuals

Anthropology 101 Research Paper Free Essays

Komron Sabbagh Prof. Rowe Anthropology 101 March 25, 2013 Elderly Human â€Å"Y† Chromosome The unearthing and examination of a tremendously infrequent African American â€Å"Y† chromosome goes back in time with regards to the most recent common ancestor for the â€Å"Y† chromosome ancestry to 338,000 years ago. This period exists even older than the age of the most eldest known structurally contemporary human fossils. We will write a custom essay sample on Anthropology 101 Research Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now University of Arizona geneticists have revealed the most ancient known hereditary subdivision of the human â€Å"Y† chromosome — the genetic factor which determines the male sex. The new differing pedigree, which was discovered in a male human being who presented his DNA to â€Å"Family Tree DNA†, a company which concentrates on DNA investigation to locate family roots, separated from the â€Å"Y† chromosome tree before the very first presence of physically current individuals in the record of fossils. These effects are printed in the American Journal of Human Genetics. Michael Hammer of the University of Arizona’s department of ecology and evolutionary biology stated that, â€Å"Our analysis indicates this lineage diverged from previously known Y chromosomes about 338,000 ago, a time when anatomically modern humans had not yet evolved. This pushes back the time the last common Y chromosome ancestor lived by almost 70 percent. † Dissimilar to the added human chromosomes, the common â€Å"Y† chromosome doesn’t barter heritable information with other chromosomes; this makes it a lot more straightforward and scientists can truly discover familial associations amid modern ancestries. If two â€Å"Y† chromosomes transmit an identical mutation, it is most likely since they divide a communal forefather at some particular period in the precedent. The further mutations which differ amongst two Y chromosomes, the farther back in history the mutual antecedent existed. Initially, a DNA sample acquired from an African American existing in South Carolina was succumbed to the National Geographic Genographic Project. When none of the hereditary indicators used to dispense ancestries to identified â€Å"Y† chromosome consortiums were found, the DNA sample was guided to â€Å"Family Tree DNA† for organizing. Fernando Mendez, who is a postdoctoral scholar in Hammer’s laboratory, controlled the attempt to investigate the DNA sequence, which comprised of over 240,000 base pairs of the Y chromosome. Hammer claimed that â€Å"the most striking feature of this research is that a consumer genetic testing company identified a lineage that didn’t fit anywhere on the existing Y chromosome tree, even though the tree had been constructed based on perhaps a half-million individuals or more. Nobody expected to find anything like this. At around 300,000 years ago; this was the period of time in which the Neanderthals are thought to have fragmented from the familial human descent. It was not until more than 100,000 years in the future that functionally recent humans seem to be in the fossil record. They vary from the more antiquated forms by a more frivolously constructed skeleton; this includes a lesser face pushed underneath a tall forehead, the lack of a cranial ridge and slighter chin s. Hammer stated that the recently exposed â€Å"Y† chromosome dissimilarity is tremendously occasional. Through the use of great databank explorations, his group ultimately was capable of discovering a comparable chromosome in the Mbo, which is a populace living in a petite region of western Cameroon in the sub-Saharan part of Africa. â€Å"This was surprising because previously the most diverged branches of the Y chromosome were found in traditional hunter-gatherer populations such as Pygmies and the click-speaking KhoeSan, who are considered to be the most diverged human populations living today. Instead, the sample matched the Y chromosome DNA of 11 men, who all came from a very small region of western Cameroon,† Hammer explains. â€Å"And the sequences of those individuals are variable, so it’s not like they all descended from the same grandfather. † Hammer restraints against prevalent notions of â€Å"mitochondrial Eve† or â€Å"Y chromosome Adam† which propose that all of humanity was derived from precisely one couple of individuals that lived at a particular point in human biological evolution. There has been too much emphasis on this in the past,† Hammer says. â€Å"It is a misconception that the genealogy of a single genetic region reflects population divergence. Instead, our results suggest that there are pockets of genetically isolated communities that together preserve a great deal of human diversity. † Nevertheless, Hammer explains that, â€Å"It is likely that other divergent lineages will be found, whether in Africa or among African-Americans in the U. S. and that some of these may further increase the age of the Y chromosome ree. † He further clarifies: â€Å"There has been a lot of hype with people trying to trace their Y chromosome to different tribes, but this individual from South Carolina can say he did it. † The investigation originated by the mutual labors of a private business, the â€Å"Family Tree DNA,† the struggles of a resident scientist, Bonnie Schrack, and the research proficiencies at the UA. â€Å"Human Y Chromosome Much Older Than Previously Thought. † ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 04 Mar. 2013. Web. 26 Mar. 2013. How to cite Anthropology 101 Research Paper, Essays

Beowulf Keenest or Deserving of Praise free essay sample

Questioned Motivations The epic poem Beowulf translated by E. Talbot Donaldson has a great sense of heroism and bravery throughout. Though the main character Beowulf is a noble warrior, his motives are questioned as to whether he is â€Å"keenest for praise† or â€Å"deserving of praise†. Beowulf is idolized in the poem which speaks of his great courage. However, are his acts of valor for his own glory and well-being, or for the safety of others? As the audience reads Beowulf, the more indecisive we become on whether the Geat hero is acting out of want of fame or desire to do genuine good.The first demonstration of time where Beowulf shows he is in eager want of praise is when he says, â€Å"’I thought quickly to bind him on his deathbed with my hard grasp, so that because of my hand-grip he should lie struggling for life-,’†(Donaldson 954-955). As the reader understands Beowulf’s words it is seen that he may not be as humble as one had thought. We will write a custom essay sample on Beowulf: Keenest or Deserving of Praise or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page His exaggeration of the event shows that he talks himself up in order to be seen as even more courageous then he already is. His quickness to describe his strength in battle comes off as self-absorbed.A second demonstration of Beowulf’s glorification of events and how he is â€Å"most eager for fame† is when the poet writes, â€Å"’I shall get glory, or death will take me,’† (1497). Beowulf seems as if he is saying without gaining glory then he would want death to take him as if he is so humiliated he could not live. Beowulf comes off as arrogant and that if he does not get what he wants and what he feels he deserves then he could not bear to live without it. Beowulf knows that all already recognize him as a courageous warrior but in his eyes that just isn’t enough without having all the glory he would like.Though many examples can be used to defend the statement that Beowulf is acting for the sake of his own glory and praise, I believe that Beowulf is truly acting out of concern for the safety of the citizens of Herot and other lands. This is shown when Beowulf i s speaking of glory and when one truly deserves it. The poet writes Beowulf’s words, â€Å"’Let him who may get glory before death: that is best for the warrior after he has gone from life,† (1382-1383). Beowulf reveals that his opinion on glory is that one shall not receive proper glory until that one is â€Å"gone from life†.The audience may translate this as the poet’s evidence of how Beowulf does not live for glory because he believes it can only truly obtained after death. Beowulf lives for the protection of others and his words show that the only motivation he has is to be a great warrior and savior. Another quote that proves his acts are for the well-being of others is when Beowulf is speaking to his warriors right before he goes to fight the dragon and declares, â€Å"’This is not your venture, nor is it right for any man except me alone that he should spend all his strength against the monster, do this man’s deed,’†(2525-2527).Beowulf would rather go alone and fi ght the dragon than have his retainers go and have many lose their lives. Beowulf is speaking with people other than himself in mind; he is more concerned with their lives than defeating the dragon. Here he shows that glory isn’t his main priority, he would rather die in the process of doing something courageous and for others than gain glory by defeating the dragon and having many men lost their lives. In conclusion, a lot of readers would say that the main character Beowulf is â€Å"keenest for praise† and just looking for ways to because famous with all his courageous deeds of fighting monsters.However, I believe that Beowulf has all the right motives, and that he truly just wants to help with the problems in Herot and his own land though at times he may seem arrogant. Beowulf continually shows that he is a courageous warrior and his words that describe how he is concerned for other’s lives rather than beating a monster shows quite a lot. In all, Beowulf has gotten what he thinks is best for a warrior after they have died; glory.

TRXYE by Troye Sivan free essay sample

â€Å"Life isnt about finding yourself, its about creating yourself.† That is a quote from Troye Sivan an australian actor, singer, songwriter, and youtube personality. On his birthday in 2013 Troye was signed to the record company EMI Australia and began writing and producing his ep TRXYE. He shared this information to his fans on June 26th, 2014 at vidcon, a yearly youtube event held in California. The ep was released on August 5th 2014 with the single Happy Little Pill coming out on July 25th.TRXYE includes 5 songs, Happy Little Pill, Touch, Fun, Gasoline and an adaption of his song The Fault In Our Stars inspired by the John Green Novel. The album hit number 2 in canada as well in New Zealand, number 5 in the USA and hit number 1 in 55 countries on itunes. Before releasing a full ep Sivan was uploading covers of popular songs to the video sharing site of Youtube. His first video on the site was in 2007 at the age of 12. We will write a custom essay sample on TRXYE by Troye Sivan or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As of mid December Troye has a little over 3 million subscribers on his Youtube channel â€Å"Troye Sivan†. It was at this time that he created his stage name from taking his first name of Troye and his middlename of Sivan meaning June in Jewish. In the summer of 2014 he was nominated for two Teen Choice Awards, one for best male web star and another with his good friend and fellow youtuber Tyler Oakley for best web collaboration. He and Oakley won with their video â€Å"The Boyfriend Tag†. Mellet is also an actor being casted at age 13 he was James Howelett in the movie X-Men Origins: Wolverine. And was casted in 2010 as Spud in the australian series of 3 movies titled Spud. Troye Sivan Mellet, was born June 5th 1995 in Johannesburg, South Africa. Born the 2nd child to Laurelle and Shaun Mellet he has an older brother named Steele, younger brother ,Tyde and younger sister Sage along with their dog Jagga. Although being born in the largest South African city, Troye and his family moved to Perth Australia when he was about 2.On August 7th, 2010 Mellet announced to his family of his homosexuality and exactly 3 years later informed the world on his youtube channel. Since then he has been a huge activist for the lgbt community. From Troye Sivan Mellet’s latest ep TRXYE to his youtube and acting career Troye has a lot going for him as a young aspiring artist of the 21st century.

Cultural Analysis of France The WritePass Journal

Cultural Analysis of France Abstract Cultural Analysis of France ) describe France as one of the most important actors in Europe. France is recognized as the largest physical nation within the boundaries of Europe with over 60 million French speaking citizens (Blanchard et al, 2012). Featuring regional boundaries created by the passage of time and tradition, each section of France possesses unique religious and social attributes that set it apart making the associated culture complex (Frenchculture.org, 2014). Once flourishing as a colonial empire French holdings extended around the world, directly impacting international development (Frenchculture.org, 2014). With distinct offerings in areas of law including jurisprudence the French contribution to worldwide civilization has been fundamental (Zimmerman, 2014). The Spirit of the Laws, created during the Age of Enlightenment is one of many reflections of value that the French philosophy place on the areas of science and art (Blanchard et al, 2012). Evolving from a monarchy to a modern democratic society, with rule devolving from the population, France created the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen in order to clarify human rights (Zimmerman, 2014). This form of leadership supports the French position of innovation and development in the cultural arena. With territories still extant overseas, the French economy is rated to be the fifth largest in the world, further illustrating the strength and vitality of the French system (Zimmerman, 2014). Cultural Elements Goldhammer (2010) describes the French culture since the revolution of the nineteenth century as a combination of three aspects: Humanist, or the philosophical aspect, the scientific and the industrial. The French culture emphasizes the areas of civil rights and education in a direct effort to increase the overall standard of living (Summerfield, 2013). With past leaders including the conqueror Napoleon contributing directly to the French educational tradition, there is a lasting identification of the French population with the learning arts (Rigby, 1991). Modern evaluation of the French educational system ranks it midway between the highest and the lowest, with many substantial individuals attributing their philosophy to the system (Summerfield, 2013). This lasting identification with art is transferred to the very high rate of tourism in the nation of France, number one in the world, which is in turn credited with spreading of French concepts of education and learning (Zimmerman, 2 014). With premier artists and concepts including Cubism, Impressionism and Symbolism by such renowned artists as Manet, Monet and Renoir long comprising the French ranks, there is a real sense of gravitas to be felt in the cultural inclination of art (Summerfield, 2013). This is demonstrated the by the unrivalled French capacity to attract visitors which then spread their cultural ideals and artistic values. Among the arts and educational values held by the French there is a real sense of scientific and innovative components (Kuhn, 2013). With major universities producing practical applications in the fields of business and economics, the French culture stresses the need to continually revisit and consider new ideas (Zimmerman, 2014). This same element of cultural leadership is exhibited in areas including fashion and advertising (Summerfield, 2013). With several leading institutions including Dior and Chanel, the French society has created a cultural expectation of style and chic (The Economist, 2014). With a positive world outlook, modern French culture boasts one of the very best reputations for trust and integrity on the world stage (Zimmerman, 2014). This fact drives the perception that the society ranks among the best overall systems of governance (The Economist, 2014). Despite the upbeat overall outlook, many internal polls cite the depressed attitude of the culture itself (Frenchculture.org, 2014). With a high moral and ethical standard, yet an open and inclusive society, the French society epitomizes their slogan: â€Å"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity† (Blanchard et al, 2012:43). Leadership and Business Characteristics France has been characterized by significant leaders of both sexes including Napoleon and Joan of Arc; there is a tradition of strong, opinionated leadership (Blanchard et al, 2012). Coupled with a history of monarchies including the reign of notables such as Louis the 14th, there is an expectation of grandiose and innovative concepts from the upper tier (Stephenson, 2011). With the French revolution and the rise of democracy these principles of strength and vision in leadership have carried over, providing impetus for the modern crop of French leadership (The Economist, 2014). With a business culture that recognizes the value of leisure and employee satisfaction, there is a focus on providing the best possible environment in order to produce the best possible result (Rigby, 1991). Conclusion France is a multi-tiered culture that has provided and will continue to be a positive influence on the entire world society. With attributes including practicality, integrity, innovation and adaptation there is a real perception of value to found in the culture. Taking elements that have been refined over the centuries including French art, educational and civil rights philosophies and cultural values the nation of France can be credited with substantial contribution to modern international society. With a need to be forthright, decisive and stalwart in the face of criticism the French leadership and business community have served to drive the nation to the position of prominence that it now enjoys. In the end, past actions, modern practices and future potential combine to illustrate France as a competitive nation that produces well educated individuals fit for leading the international community. With a well-rounded consumer base coupled with a dynamic business environment, there is every reason to expect the French culture to continue to be a leader into the next era. References Blanchard, P., Lemaire, S., Bancel, N., Thomas, D. R. D. Pernsteiner, A. (2012).  Colonial culture in France since the revolution. Frenchculture.org. (2014).  French culture. [online] Retrieved from: http://frenchculture.org/ [Accessed: 8 Mar 2014]. Goldhammer, A. (2010). The future of French culture.  French Politics, Culture \ Society, 28 (3), pp. 97113 Kuhn, R. (2013). Imagining the popular in contemporary French culture.  Modern \ Contemporary France, 21 (3), pp. 396397. Rigby, B. (1991).  Popular culture in modern France. London: Routledge. Stephenson, P. (2011). The death of French culture (trans. Andrew brown).  Journal Of Contemporary European Studies, 19 (4), pp. 582583. Summerfield, M. (2013). Wine drinking culture in France: a national myth or a modern passion?.  Journal Of Wine Research, 24 (1), pp. 8182. The Economist. (2014).  Bleak chic. [online] Retrieved from: economist.com/news/christmas-specials/21591749-bleak-chic [Accessed: 8 Mar 2014]. Zimmermann, K. (2014).  French culture: customs traditions. [online] Retrieved from: livescience.com/39149-french-culture.html [Accessed: 8 Mar 2014].

Advantage of Music

Advantages of music Affecting the brain waves According to studies it has been proven that your brainwaves can get stimulated with strong beats. The stimulation takes place to resonate in sync with the beat. Sharp  beats ensure sharp concentration and it can help you attain a meditative and calm state. Music and your heart rate: Due to alternations taking place in brainwaves, other bodily functions also get affected. Functions like heart rate and breathing that are controlled by the autonomic nervous system can be altered with music. Mozart effect The skills you learn through music get transferred to your communication skills, study skills and cognitive skills. According to a Harvard University study, the spatial-temporal reasoning gets enhanced when children start learning music. Such reasoning tends to improve in a temporary manner when an adult listens to a particular type of music. This study was named as the â€Å"Mozart effect† and it suggested that spatial reasoning and music have a neurological and psychological connection. Other Advantages Music therapy  is an interpersonal process in which the therapist uses music and all of its facets—physical, emotional, mental, social, aesthetic, and spiritual—to help clients to improve or maintain their health. In some instances, the clients needs are addressed directly through music; in others they are addressed through the relationships that develop between the client and therapist. Music therapy is used with individuals of all ages and with a variety of conditions, including: psychiatric disorders, medical problems, physical handicaps, sensory impairments, developmental disabilities, substance abuse, communication disorders, interpersonal problems, and aging. It is also used to: improve learning, build self-esteem, reduce stress,  support physical exercise, and facilitate a host of other health-related activities. Music Genera A  music genre  is a categorical and typological construct that identifies  musical  sounds as belonging to a particular category and type of music that can be distinguished from other types of music

Sainsburys Supermarkets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Sainsburys Supermarkets - Essay Example Using a combination of common management tools in a wide range of areas, from stocking its shelves full with items customers want to buy to executing on a complete revamp of its information technology and supply chain management systems, a new senior management team is revitalising the whole organisation from top to bottom. This brief history helps us analyse the period 2003 to 2006, during which Sainsbury's hit the dust with their first-ever revenues slump in history (in the year ended March 2005) and then as nimbly picked itself up and began staging a comeback. We can learn how they are doing by studying the company's annual reports which are the "official" snapshots of the whole corporation each year. Just like any other company at the mercy of its stakeholders (Freeman, 1984), Sainsbury's is expected to behave to satisfy everyone. Identify significant areas of the accounts for 2006 where judgment has been used in determining the appropriate accounting policy for the company (for example depreciation of fixed assets). Critically discuss how such judgments have materially affected the accounts in terms of valuation and profitability. There are several portions in Sainsbury's 2006 report indicating where judgment has been used to determine the appropriate accounting policies. ... From the long list of accounting policies, we note the following that in our opinion materially affected the accounts in terms of valuation and profitability: The 2006 reports are the Group's and Company's first financial statements prepared under IFRS and therefore, IFRS 1 'First-time Adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards' was applied. The last statements under UK Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ("UK GAAP") were for the 52 weeks to 26 March 2005. An explanation of the transition to IFRS is provided in Note 42. A comparison of the GAAP-based 2005 and IFRS-based 2005 reports showed that whilst non-current assets declined by almost 3 billion, total equity declined by only 33 million thanks to adjustments in net current liabilities of over 2.9 billion. This shows how numbers can surprisingly appear and vanish like magic. Early adoption of the standard Amendment to IAS 19 'Employee Benefits' is effective for annual periods beginning 1 January 2006, i.e. beginning 26 March 2006. However, Sainsbury's elected to early adopt this amendment and has applied the requirements of the amendment to the financial statements for the 52 weeks to 25 March 2006. This led to gross actuarial gains of 128 million (Note 42, p. 95), cutting the pension deficit from 672 million to only 375 million due to a deferred income tax asset. This allowed Sainsbury's to conveniently finance the pension fund and contribute towards improving employee motivation. The treatment of Subsidiaries and Goodwill allowed Sainsbury's to manufacture current year profits growth from its sale of Shaw's in 2004 by recycling 123 million of the goodwill write down from its 2005 results (p. 96), adding net 86 million to profits (See note on p. 95). Goodwill is now not allowed under

Black Feminist Thought Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Black Feminist Thought - Essay Example Black feminism thought refers to a contemplation which argues that class oppression, racism and sexism are inextricably bound as one. Black feminist thought can as well be described as an idea meant to show that women should all be treated equally and fairly regardless of race and sex. The manner in which all these three issues relate to each other is referred to as intersectionality. There are forms of feminism that strive to do away with class and sexism but tend to ignore race. In this case, discrimination against people especially women through racial foundation is high. Combahee River collective is a union which supported the black women by arguing that their liberation would do away with sexism, racism and oppression of class. From research in the past, it is clear that black women experienced oppression from the black women giving the impression that they could not live with the whites without having issues among them (Carby, 1982, 92). Alice Walker is one among many women who has contributed to fighting for rights of women by forming a movement that supports their rights. This movement was known as Alice Walker’s Womanism.... This is not the case with the white women as this is not how they are positioned. With this in mind, it is clear that black women are not treated fairly. There are black feminist organizations that have been formed since long ago but they have faced many challenges. These challenges faced are mainly implicated by other Black Nationalist political unions or white women. This is yet another factor showing that black women have had a rough time with the white ones in the past (Collins, 1990, 85). The main reason as to why this organisation was oppressed by other larger organizations is because most members moved from the large organisation joining it. The other reason explaining why the black women were oppressed is the stereotype that was attributed to them. In this case, sex was the main issue as black women were referred to as whores and bulldaggers. This is one issue giving a clear impression that they were considered to be useful in the society (Davis, 1981, 56). At this point it w as even more serious because black men were involved in oppressing them as well. At this point they did not face oppression from the whites only but also from the blacks. The blacks who oppressed the ladies in this case were men. There are three main challenges that black women had to face from the whites and these larger unions. These challenges are: i. Prove to their fellow black women that feminism was not for the white women only. ii. They had to make the white women share power with them equally which they had to do it by force. iii. They had to fight misogynist propensities of Black Nationalism. Over the years, many feminist movements and

Overview of Martin Luthers Christian Liberty Essay Example for Free

Overview of Martin Luthers Christian Liberty Essay Martin Luthers pamphlet, Christian Liberty, describes his feelings towards the Church. He did not agree with what the Church did. For example, the church had too many restrictions. Meaning that you could not practice another religion. Also, the Church had indulgences, which are supposed to be where if someone sinned, they would go to the church and pray, and have the church forgive you. But the idea of indulgences to the Catholic Church was if you sinned, then you were to pay a certain amount of money and then your sin would have been forgotten. Luther thought the Church should be about faith, not all about power and money. In the pamphlet, Luther believes that faith nurtures the body and soul. He believed that the Church did not believe in that. Luther eventually broke away from the Church for several reasons. Some reasons were how the Church made people pay for their indulgences, how that they had too many restrictions, and how the Church had so much power and how they abused it. Luther stated in his pamphlet, From this anyone can clearly see how a Christian is free from all things and over all things so that he needs no works to make him righteous and save him, since faith alone abundantly confers all these things. Luther in this sentence is saying how things such as indulgences are not needed to make him a better Christian, but if a man has enough faith, it alone will do the job. Luther also states that for preachers not to preach only about repentance, but also about the faith of the religion. The criticism that Luther has towards the preachers was that they abused authority that they dont preach commandments and promises, and they dont work solely out of serving ones neighbor; they do it seeking their own profit. Luther was also angry with priests who use the word of Christ to make people dislike Jews. He believes that they should pray for the people and teach the people by example. Martin Luthers solutions took the middle course and faced up too how, They want to show that they are free men and Christians only by despising and finding fault with ceremonies. What Luther meant by this was that the religious ceremonies done was not how they used to be; now they entail only the power that the Church has among the people. Luther believed that you should join a church and do as they say not to gain righteousness, but out  of respect for them. He said this by, I will fast, pray, do this and that as men command, not because it is necessary to my righteousness or salvation; but that I may show due respect to the pope, the bishop, the community, a magistrate, or my neighbor. Martin Luther believed of three powers or benefits of faith. One was that Christians are free from the land. If we honor God, he will honor us. He will see us as righteous and truthful people. Faith writes the soul with Christ. Christian soul therefore has all the good characteristics of Christ. Also Luther believes that faith gives us freedom. He states this by writing, It is clear, then, that a Christian has all he needs in faith and needs no works to justify him; and if he needs no need of works, he has no need of the law; and if he has no need of the law, surely he is free from the law. Since we are not perfect on earth, works help keep us moving towards our goal of perfection. Do works freely, only to please God. This is said by, however, we are not wholly recreated, and our faith and love are not yet perfect, these are to be increased, not by external works, however but of themselves. Through work, think only to benefit others. Faith is active through love. Luther stated this by, we should devote all our works to the welfare of others. But works, being inanimate things, cannot glorify God, although they can, if faith is present, be done to the glory of God. What Luther is stating here is if you have enough faith, then you can make the presence of God true. Because works dont lead to righteousness, but with faith works can be done to the glory of God.

The Diverse Landscapes of Life :: Biology Essays Research Papers

The Diverse Landscapes of Life Living organisms have been found to exist in many diverse environments on this planet; places where perhaps no human had thought to look before. Sometimes life is found because of the wild imaginations of a few curious people – other times it is stumbled upon nearly by accident. This paper will explore two seemingly unlikely landscapes of life, and will highlight the successes of discovering new living organisms in terms of expanding the array of possibility and our perception of the question "What is Life?" One environment receiving a lot of attention from scientists is the bottom of the ocean. Earlier in history it was thought that no creature could survive under the immense pressure and the total darkness of the ocean. The landscape remained untouched by humans, because without that sense of possibility for life, the technology was not created to explore the area. Until finally, in 1972, studies conducted near the Galapagos Islands reported vents, or hot water plumes. Now that something unexpected had been found, curiosity, possibility and new questions arose. The search began to accelerate along with the technology. A deep-sea robot named Alvin was sent exploring and a whole array of bottom dwellers was found. There were giant worms, clams and mussels (1). Once a community of living organisms has been found in a foreign environment, explanations will start rolling out. These hypotheses generally attempt to compare the system of life to our own systems – grappling for similarities among the resources of the new landscape those we are already familiar with. For instance, in forests and jungles (environments which are very understandable to us) there are some animals that can climb or fly to the tops of the trees where the fruit is. Other animals must stay on the ground, and so they live off of fruit which has fallen out of the tree. When a few organisms were found in the depths of the sea, it was first conjectured that they ate food that floated down to them from the "lighted regions of the ocean" (1), which seems very similar to the configuration of the familiar woodland food-system. This story was adequate until it was discovered that entire "cities" of creatures were thriving down at the bottom of the ocean – biologists had to come up with a new story. There are hydrothermal vents called black smokers which let off heat and chemicals from the bottom of the ocean.

Analysis for “Two truths are told… but what is not” speech Essay

Macbeth’s speech (Act 1, scene 3, lines 128-142) is very important to the play’s plot. This is because of three reasons. Firstly, the first truth is told from the witches’ prophecies. Secondly, this extract shows Macbeth’s reaction to the first prophecy coming true in his thoughts. Lastly, his speech shows the start of Macbeth’s vaulting ambition. The three witches revealed to Macbeth that he will soon become the Thane of Cawdor, and later onwards, the King. You see the plot slowly advancing when Macbeth is pronounced Thane of Cawdor by Ross and Angus, Kind Duncan’s messengers, (â€Å"happy prologues to the swelling act of the imperial theme† Act 1, Scene 3, lines 129-130) Thus, with the first prophecy coming true, Macbeth’s trust for the witches becomes slightly stronger as he starts to believe that â€Å"If chance will have me king, why chance may crown me†. Macbeth’s speech shows his confusion and fear of what him becoming King could mean. Macbeth was confused between good and evil, for example † If ill, why hath it given me earnest of success†. Here Macbeth is wondering, if this supernatural persuasion is wrong, then why has it given me the honour of becoming Thane of Cawdor. Another example, † If good, why do I yield to that suggestion whose horrid image doth unfix my hair, and make my seated heart knock at my ribs†. Here, Macbeth is questioning, if this is right, then why am I so afraid. Macbeth is also afraid of what him soon to be becoming a King would mean to the present King, Duncan. If Macbeth were to be King, that would mean that both Duncan and his son Malcolm would have to die or be executed. Macbeth wasn’t as much thinking about what might happen to Duncan but rather, what Macbeth would do to him†¦ murder. This extract of the play reveals the start of Macbeth’s vaulting ambition. Macbeth’s ambition to kill Duncan and Malcolm and finally become King rises with every new scene. It shows that there is conflict between Macbeth’s ambition and his conscience. For example, in lines 139-141, its states â€Å"my thought, whose murder yet is but fantastical shakes so my single state of man that function is smothered in surmise†. There he is firstly saying that  the idea of murdering Duncan is fantastic, but then his conscience kicks in and tells him that he is too scared of doing so. However, his ambition steps forward and finishes Macbeth’s speech with â€Å"nothing is but what is not†. Hence, this extract is very important to the rest of the play because the first of the two prophecies become true and thus this unfolds the plot, you are told of Macbeth’s reaction to this coming true and finally, the ambitious Macbeth begins.

Are National Audit Office “Value for Money” Audits Themselves Value for Money?

The National Audit Office (NAO) is responsible for the financial and â€Å"value for money† audits of central government expenditure, as well as other publicly related bodies.Although there is no single definition for what a value for money audit is, the most widely accepted definitions connect value for money audits with the review of the three E’s (Lecture 2, AC340 Lent Term, Liisa Kurunmakii): †¢Economy – providing the intended service at the lowest cost possible, with regards to maintaining the quality of service †¢Efficiency – gaining the maximum output from a given level of inputs †¢Effectiveness – the extent to which these public bodies achieve their policy objectivesWith this in mind, it is clear that in order for a â€Å"value for money† audit (henceforth denoted as VFM audit) to provide value for money it must also adhere to these three E’s; a VFM audit must be minimal in terms of cost, it must be effective in terms of finding areas for improvement, and it must make the most of resources used. The VFM audit’s benefits must outweigh its costs. Throughout this essay I will explore and demonstrate with examples the conditions under which VFM audits do provide value for money, as well as when they don’t.Ultimately a VFM audit is only value for money to the extent that it leads to improvements in the way the audited bodies can improve their processes, with regards to the three E’s. Without this, the VFM audit is an unnecessary and costly extension of the financial audit. However, if the VFM audit itself is in possession of the three E’s, then it should provide value for money. In 2011, the NAO’s recommendations generated savings of ? 1. 1 billion off the back of an outlay of ? 67. 8 million (NAO Annual Report 2012).From this, it is easy to see that the NAO’s work overall yields significant benefits over costs. A 1997 paper by Summa and Pollit also show s that 95 per cent of the NAO’s recommendations were taken on board by the Public Accounts Committee (PAC) in 1994, suggesting that the organisations efforts and resources aren’t wasted. This paper also shows how the savings from recommendations coming directly from VFM audits had grown between 1992 and 1994, suggesting their growing importance.The NAO also consistently look to minimise costs and maximise efficiency, as shown in the NAO’s 2012 Annual Report. Therefore, in a very simple cost-benefit analysis, the VFM audit does seem to provide value for money. With deeper analysis, however, there are instances where such audits could lead to sub-optimal results in some situations. The bodies subjected to VFM audits primarily have social goals.For example, the NHS’ priority is to treat the unwell, while financial concerns are secondary. The mere presence of VFM audits, which despite having many non-financial aspects are ultimately financial in nature, can l ead to a focus on achieving cost efficiency as an end in itself, above any social goals. This is what Power refers to as a ‘colonising’ effect of auditing; the presence of the audit leads to the auditee focusing on the audited measure, in this case value for money.This was the case in the recent Mid Staffordshire Trust scandal; in order to achieve Foundation Trust status, the management at this hospital cut costs by removing beds, failing to invest in medical equipment and staff, and neglecting their medical duties in order to meet targets (for example, one measure on which they were judged were patient waiting times in A&E; this led to dysfunctional behaviour, as there were cases when minor injuries were treated above major illnesses in order to meet the four hour waiting time).These cuts, along with other failures, resulted in hundreds of unnecessary deaths. And yet, the hospital hit its target saving of ? 10 million; financially, it was a success, but medically a mas sive failure. While it was not directly the fault of a VFM audit, this case shows how the use of financial/economic measures for evaluating the efficiency of an organisation can lead to unintended dysfunctional outcomes.As part of the ‘New Public Management’ idea of introducing market concepts into public organisations, it could be argued that VFM audits, by explicitly mentioning ‘money’, could contribute to such failings by being rooted in the financial; a better term for VFM audits could be â€Å"performance audits†, as less emphasis is placed on financial terminology, perhaps giving the NAO scope for a more rounded audit. With this in mind, it can be argued that one of the VFM audit’s strengths is that it does take into account the effectiveness of the auditee in reaching their social objectives (as shown by the three E’s).The inherent difficulty for any public body is to balance effectiveness with efficiency and economy; the NAO mus t therefore take this into account when carrying out VFM audits, in order for the audits themselves to be of value. Auditing the effectiveness of a public organisation is a difficult task in itself, however. What does effectiveness entail, and how does one measure it? You could argue that the effectiveness of the police force could be measured by looking at the ratio of number of crimes reported to the number of crimes solved.This seems to be in line with the police force’s social goals, so in theory seems an appropriate proxy for effectiveness. Yet it is also easy to see how this metric could be manipulated; where it is unlikely that a crime will be solved, the reporting of the crime may be ignored. The measure will give a false image of the efficacy of the police force in question, when in reality they have been far from effective. This is what Power refers to as ‘de-coupling’, where the auditee is compliant with the recording of the measure, but does not behav e in a manner consistent with the intended goal of the measure.The problem here comes with making things auditable. When measuring non-financial items such as effectiveness, one must use imperfect proxies (as you cannot simply take a yard stick and measure ‘effectiveness’). If we are unable to find suitable proxies, we are not fully able to audit the effectiveness of an organisation. This then compromises the usefulness, and hence value, of a VFM audit. The above problems display the inherent problems of VFM audits; by being rooted in the financial, they can lead to public organisations de-prioritising their social obligations and objectives in order to enhance efficiency and economy.By auditing what is arguably inauditable, VFM audits can create surface compliance, where the letter but not the spirit of what is being measured is followed. Both of these are risks that need to be considered by the NAO, as they both seek to undermine the value of VFM audits. But ultimatel y, VFM audits prove their worth when they result in efficiency improvements in public organisations. This can be assessed tangibly, shown by the savings of ? 1. 1 billion from a net outlay of ? 67. 8 million. We can also clearly see the implementation of efficiency improvements in public sector bodies.It can also be argued that even the presence of VFM audits help to promote the three E’s in public sector companies (they know that they could be assessed in such a way, and will not want to appear to be excessively inefficient), although it is much more difficult to assess whether NAO audits provide value for money in this context as it is hard to know to what extent the audit presence made a difference. But overall, I believe that the evidence above shows that for the majority of situations VFM audits do indeed provide value for money.

Advanced Example of Aiaa Technical Conference Essay Example

Advanced Example of Aiaa Technical Conference Essay Example Advanced Example of Aiaa Technical Conference Essay Advanced Example of Aiaa Technical Conference Essay Advanced Example of AIAA Technical Conference Paper First A. Author? and Second B. Author? Business or Academic A? liation, City, Province, Zipcode, Country Third C. Author†  Business or Academic A? liation, City, Province, Zipcode, Country A This is the advanced example employing L TEX to produce an AIAA technical conference paper. Please read the Known Problems in the Users Manual before attempting to use this example as a template. Fundamental topics are covered in the bare-bones template. A For detailed AIAA layout and style guidelines, please refer to the AIAA L TEX Package Users Manual, aiaa. df. I. Introduction an example of a dropped capital at the beginning of a paragraph using the package. This ispackage is usually to retrievewithlettermorefrom the Comprehensive T X Archivelettrine(CTAN), This included the comprehensive TEX distributions, but those with more trim installations may need this package Network E which is located at www. ctan. org. This package does not gra cefully handle the AIAA class’ submit option. 2And this is an example of a dropped capital letter at the beginning of a paragraph using the dropping package. This package is a bit less re? ed than the lettrine package, but some authors may already have A it around if they used the old (uno? cial) L TEX AIAA distribution. This package accommodates the AIAA class’ submit option. In an e? ort to more tightly integrate text and image, the wrapfig package is employed. This package works by modifying paragraph shape to accommodate a ? gure (or a table or other items). Typically one inserts its wrapfigure or wraptable environment just before the paragraph in which it is to be placed. Also speci? ed is the width of the item to be inserted and the placement, for example, left or right side. This package does not provide for center placement. ) The rest of this paragraph is ? ller so that the wrapfigure example will be placed in this paragraph. Documentation of the wrapfigure pa ckage is available at the end of the style A ?le itself (check the package loading lines shown during L TEX processing to ? nd its location). Code listings and other such artifacts can be typeset in a large variety Figure 1. Magnetization as a function of applied ? eld. of styles by using the fancyvrb package. 1 2 3 4 5 6 def testCircularAdvection position. ach_index do |i| @position = position[i] assert_equal speed[i], waveSpeed end end Tables with footnotes, such as table 1 on page 4, can be coded using the threeparttable package. Note: This table was purposely placed on another page through the use of the ? Job †  Job Title, Department, Address, and AIAA Member Grade. Title, Department, Address, and AIAA Member Grade. 1 of 4 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics [p] placement speci? er to demonstrate the automated page reference mechanism provided by the varioref package. Of course, one would normally have the table integrated into the text that describes it. Equation (1) is serving as a demonstration of the nomenclature package. Ji  · ? xi+1 = ? f i (1) The same can be said for Eq. (2) that uses ? to add another Greek letter to the mix. F = m? (2) The nomencl package is fed entries with the omenclature command. These entries are then collected and sorted using makeindex. The optional sorting argument to the omenclature command uses a key of ‘b’ for subscripts, ‘g’ for Greek symbols, ‘c’ for conventions, and ‘t’ for superscripts. When many ? ures share a similar style and beg to be compared to one another, the subfigmat and subfigure packages can be used to create a matrix of sub? gures as shown by ? gure 2 on the next page. These are called â€Å"small multiples† by Tufte.? II. Conclusion A This had been a brief example of some of the more advanced options available for L TEX. Please see the documentation for each package for extended discussion or usage. References 1 Tufte, E. R. , The Visual Display of Quantitative Information , Graphics Press, 1983. 2 of 4 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (a) 2 AM. 3 of 4 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Table 1. This is an example of a threeparttable which uses the dcolumn package to allow for columns to be aligned on decimal points. First head* Second hea d center doctor tab dentist worse man†  better home Third head 0. 2 0. 15 10. 58 43. 9 VM (r) 10. 55 33. 12 45. 10 12. 34 * This is a table footnote, which to span multiple lines, has been greatly extended in length contrary to reason. †  A much shorter table footnote. 4 of 4 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics

Innovation and Creativity and Enterprise Research Paper - 1

Innovation and Creativity and Enterprise - Research Paper Example Through illustrations to back up this statement, the article shows how viable this notion by Schumpeter is; decades after its realisation. Emirates Airline is the national flight company of the emirates of Dubai that was established in 1985. The airline is located at Dubai International Airport and it also serves the United Arab Emirates. With regard to the number of passengers ferried, Emirates Airline is the largest airline globally and the fastest developing with expansions across all continents. The fleet largely comprises of Airbus and Boeing crafts. The Airbus A830 is the prime passenger carrier in the fleet. The flights cover various destinations around the world such as: Middle East, Africa, South Asia, North America, Europe and Australasia. The air shipping segment serves over 40 terminuses (Centre for Aviation). The airline industry in the Middle East, like anywhere else is subject to cyclical fluxes. Emirates Airline has experienced various hurdles and overcome them to gain its current standing. Technological and economical innovation are a part of the strategies assumed by the airline in a bid to stay ahead of the competition. Joseph Schumpeter acknowledged innovation as the critical dimension of economic development. According to Joseph, market power and entrepreneurial activities rely on innovation for them to flourish. The short lifespan of certain technologies is the catalyst that provokes development in various industrial fields for it creates a temporary monopoly in the market that the rivals compete to outdo. He believed that the innovation process was driven by major firms that spared no expense in research and development undertakings (McGraw 2007, pp. 4-6). The innovation theory formulated by Joseph has in varied forms been implemented by Emirates Airline in its brand positioning and market entry approaches. In the

How does social media affect human relationships Essay

How does social media affect human relationships - Essay Example of the effect has been directed towards interpersonal or human relationship, as most people are tending to use social media more than they engage in face-to-face conversations. This has resulted in both mental and psychological illness in society these days. While other scholars have maintained that there are traces of positive effects on human relationships, this is highly debatable through research. Therefore, although social media has improved communication, human relationships have been affected negatively. Scholars maintain that social media has created less actual society and redefined friendship. Stephen Marche, a novelist composed an article, â€Å"Is Facebook Making us Lonely† in which he maintained that Facebook has made a lonelier society in spite of the improved connectivity and the potential to communicate with people from different walks of life. Most people have become very lonely when staring at the computer screens and their smart phones waiting for a reply. The connections that social media allows have been embraced in place of conversation. This is because conversations should involve the physical touch of facial expressions and gestures, which are not present online. This is what one of my interviewees, Eric Markwardt, would miss because he favored social media for the mere fact that it became easier for him to make friends. Research also indicates that the modern society is living in a world filled with fast contradictions the more connected people become, the l onelier they get (Marche). Eric Markwardt’s case also fit in this scenario because the more that he makes use of social media, the lonelier that he becomes and might realize it when it is too late when he begins experiencing serious problems when interacting physically or becomes dormant in physical interactions. It is not advisable to over-rely on social media for interactions since one’s self-esteem may drop significantly without them noticing. This implies that their human

Mandiant Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Mandiant Report - Essay Example The concern identified and highlighted by Madiant is critical to the future of the network industry. The activities of the perpetrators as indicated by Madiant are a threat to the security of various governments across the globe (Lambert, 2013). Why the report was written? Madiant report examines a number of issues; first, it identifies the cropping trends that threaten the network security. The network security is important because it helps in preserving useful information about an institution within a given country. Moreover, illegal acquisition of information is unacceptable across globe. Information laws tend to define the extent to which an institution can seek information or engage each other in acquiring certain information. Unfortunately, the APT1 the main perpetrator in this situation seems to be acquiring certain information from various institutions without the knowledge of these institutions. Second, the report explores cyber espionage campaign. The growing cyber espionag e campaign has reached a threatening level. The escalating cyber espionage by a specific perpetrator APT1 over others across the globe is alarming. In response to this observation Madiant wish to bring the attention of the whole world this unscrupulous group. Arguably, by presenting the report to the world, various governments would not only join hands in condemning the act, but would also loud initiatives aimed at creating cyber network environment where such practices do not find space. Lastly, the report is an insight about the escalating trends in the cyber network world. Although the world favors scientific activities, it does not welcome activities that seems to destroy the present gains. Cyber threat should attract condemnation across the globe because of various reasons such as breach of secrecy laws as well as threatening world peace (Lambert, 2013). The intrusion by the perpetrators may lead to leaks in security information, consequently, leading to security lapses. The ma in question that the report tends to answer is the owner of APT1. The question such as the intention of APT1 as well as who support their activity seems to form the premise of this report. Since the institutionalization of Madiant, it has conducted numerous researches about various cyber espionage, however, the trends of APT1 has been suspicious. The fact that the group has continued to attack various cyber network and still security information tends to suggest that the institution has some hidden objectives. Madiant report is condemnation of cyber espionage activities of China or groups believed to be receiving funding from the Chinese government. Madiant views cyber espionage as a threat peaceful coexistence between countries. Cyber networks run by various institutions especially governmental institutions contain information about a country’s affair (Carr, 2013). This seems to suggest that hacking such information contributes to leakage and exposure of such information to unauthorized identities. The suspicions of Madiant stems from the fact that the host country of APT1 does not show any support towards curtailing the activities of this group. If the Chinese government were not an interested party to the cyber espionage, it would take an initiative towards curtailing the missions of this group. Another suspicion of Madiant is the fact that APT1 trends are similar to those attributed to Chinese department of defense (US

Why does Britain want Turkey in the EU Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Why does Britain want Turkey in the EU - Essay Example The acceptance of Turkey as a member state of EU is a difficult decision mostly because the risk involved is high. More specifically, the country has proved the last years that significant efforts are made towards the improvement of the social and political condition both in the internal and the external environment; however, the standards set by the EU have not been met still. In order to develop its economy in accordance with the Western standards, Turkey introduced a privatisation programme which ‘has included the sale of a number of key state assets. As for UK, the possibly entrance of Turkey in EU could have significant benefits especially in the commercial sector. Possibly gains in political and military sectors could be also exist but only if the intervention of military in the country’s politics is limited. The final decision belongs to European leaders who will formulate their decision in accordance with the completion of the terms set to Turkey regarding its entrance in the EU. In case that Turkey will not follow the guidelines of EU (as presented also through the paper of the Commission of the European Communities published in 2006, section 2 above) then its entrance in EU is very likely to be postponed again in the next enlargement. For reason Turkish investment in the UK is also growing,the support of UK towards the success of bid of Turkey for the membership should be expected to continue for quite a long.

Importance Of Customer Service And Quality Control Tourism Essay

Importance Of Customer Service And Quality Control Tourism Essay Customer service and quality control is the most important part for the hotel business industry. The value of excellence in customer service will be acknowledge by this hotel. This hotels management will be introducing quality in customer service. The proposed hotel concept will definitely meet the customer satisfaction and will have satisfied customer. To ensure and keep the quality expected by now days customer, there is two aspects of quality in general with particular attention, design quality and the quality of conformity with design. The design quality is a concept implying the presentation of service directed to the needs of customer and hotel can satisfy customers demands. Our hotel will do market research in order to determine who their customers, and which of their demands require special attention. The quality of conformity with the design completes the first aspect because it represents the level to which service meets the demands of the market. The quality represents the satisfaction of the customers needs and in order to achieve it and keep it in time, we not only need a continuous research into the demands of the customers but also of our own capabilities. Such an approach would ensure the pursuing of constant improvements according to the demands of customer. Service concept This hotel will apply different method to improve their customer service . The delivery of service in this Hotel is dynamic and interactive in process based on the customers perspectives that is much more than trade of payment for a specific service. These features of this Hotel services are heterogeneity, perishabilty and simultaneity that always demand customers to be involved actively in supporting this established service value, through getting their own food in the buffet are, collaboratively working with the service staff and cooperating with the hotel management. There had been a volume of strategies applied by the hotel in order to evaluate the feedbacks of the customers about the service quality. From the implementation of information technology, market researches and some global businesses that puts excellent quality into customer service in order to achieve positive results (Ford et al, 1998). This Hotel will be aspiring to add its values to make the hotel a great place to relax and do business. The hotels core value is We achieve, cope, and exceed our consumers expectations. We will have the commitment for excellence and will provide the highest standards of fairness and integrity. We value the ideas, culture and diversity of people (BHA, 2002). While the advantages of the customer service quality have been recognized already, it is valuable to focus on the customer service quality which is dependent on the seminars, quality of trainings of a firm that experiences on the stages of exerted collaborative efforts. We respect the value and dignity of our customers as we develop our communities through motivating innovation, change and accountability. As we search for growth and knowledge by training. Guest Satisfaction Satisfaction of a customer is a business philosophy which tends to the creation of value for customers and demonstrating ability and responsibility to satisfy their needs. Quality of service and customer satisfaction are critical factors for success of any business (Gronoos, 1990; Parasuraman et al., 1988). As Valdani (2009) points out: enterprises exist because they have a customer to serve. The key to achieve sustainable advantage lies in delivering high quality service that results in satisfied customers (Shemwellet al, 1998). Quality of service and satisfaction of a customer are key factors to obtain competitive advantage and keep good relationship with customer. For management team of a hotel Nowadays one of the biggest challenges in the hotel industry is to provide and support customer satisfaction. Quality products and service is main requirements for customer in the hotel industry. The starting point of business is customer satisfaction. customers higher commitment and increase their return rate depends in positive relationships with the customer. Long-term and reciprocally advantageous relationships between customers and the hotel is becoming progressively important because of the highly positive correlation between guests overall satisfaction levels and the probability of their return to the same hotel (Choi Chu, 2001). management thinks that the hotels employee relations are good they will deliver satisfactory service to the guests. Hotel is dedicated to organize the pace for the hotel industry, increasing the bar on how it develops. Established according to diversity, the firm states that is the core values of the company in order to make an environment to make customers happy. It blends and mines the skills of its staff all over the world and takes care of their hotel guests. It is a commitment that starts at the top management, but also contributes to the tasks of each staff Our staff will do everything to ensure that you leave our hotel happy, so if there is a complaint, it is addressed with the utmost of haste. If your complaint remains unresolved or you leave disappointed, any one of our staff can invoke the 100% Guest Satisfaction Guarantee. This means that you will not have to pay for your room or the service in question. Our staff will do everything to ensure that you leave our hotel happy, so if there is a complaint, our customer service team will handle the complaint as soon as possible. If customers complaint remains unresolved or customer leave disappointed, any of our staff can solve the problem ,This means that you will not have to pay for your room or the service .To keep you coming back time and again, we strive to provide an exceptional service level at all times. This is our promise to youà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ or your money back. Location The hotel will be located in heart of Birmingham where the close attractions include Bullring shopping centre, Birmingham royal ballet, Alexandra Theatre, Sea life centre and international convention centre. Main reason for booking a hotel room in a culturally established in western country and any hotel located to numerous sightseeing places and attractive visiting sites is a fast-look(Nadeau and Ryan, 2010, p-444). The guest can make the most out of their day, in this Hotel in Birmingham. The guest can go back to the hotel after spending the entire day with colleagues, family and friends, have a slumber party, have fun the comfortable amenities of the hotel. The basic hotel feature will be the city centre location that will be nearby Bull Ring wonderfully located hotel in the second largest city of England in Birmingham.. The hotel location will be very convenient for all the guests and visitors due to the short walking distance towards various attractive locations including the Na tional Sea Life Centre, National Indoor Arena, Colmorow Business District and International Convention Centre. Other entertainment, shopping and dining venues will also be closely available such as the Mailbox and Bullring. Additionally, the hotel location will also be convenient for traveling due to Birmingham International Airport around twenty minutes drive and Train Station that are closest to hotel with five-minute walk. Front office The guest services and front office are the most important part of a Hotel. As the representatives for the service keepers and experience if the main keys to their guest drivers satisfaction, these two departments are crucial to the continual efficiency of the brands, company and hotels in general. The guest services and front office provide the consistent guest relation, with the most miscellaneous operating experience in this Hotel in Birmingham. The guest service and front office are related avidly to service quality and the much information that establish comforting and warm memories to the entire visit of the guests. They make sure that their guests are comfortable while far from home; even if they are there for leisure, travel of business (Hannan and Freeman, 2000). The Front Office Department will have: Reception Guest Service Offices Bell Services Reservation Operators Executive Club Health and Recreation Centre and Business Centre. Our hotel will provide guest assistance with luggage, transportation etc.The reason of the Front Office Department is to provide guests assistance with luggage, transportation, information concerning the hotel and the city, and any other service arrangements needed during their stay. Staff of the Front Office Department often provides the first and last impression of the hotel to our guests. It is therefore vitally important that employees display a prompt and courteous attitude to all guests and demonstrate the excellence in service. Manager of the front office who will come under the direct supervision of the Director of Rooms and supervises the Front Office Department. Hospitality, warm welcome is very essential. Management team in front office will provide first and last impression. They will try to have longest contact with guest, Long term service, recognition of repeat guests, remember names, guest histories. Staff will be trained how to upselling or suggestive sell to a customer(eg. Suggest deluxe or suites). Housekeeping concept in hotel This hotel will be experiencing in housekeeping operation in the hospitality industry and effectively managing the housekeeping function and staff. The management team of the hotel will develop procedures, service standards and operational policies, planning and implementing effective control. Excellent relationship building and vendor negotiation skills and will provide soft skills training for all levels of manpower and managing large teams and motivate the team members which will meet the customer satisfaction. Core member of the team will involve in the planning and setting up of housekeeping department at this five star hotel and spa and relationship with team members to create a harmonized work environment and eye for detail combined with skills to plan and implement novel ideas that increases customer satisfaction. Most of the hotel have this problem, Pillow Cases Off, She et Off Bed or dirty, Lift Mattress Foot, Lift Mattress Head, unclean toilet , tiles, not been vacuum, unclean carpet, unclean bath,sower , not stoked up, unclean curtain etc. In our hotel in Birmingham we will make sure all the staff been trained properly about hospitality , service, deal with complains, customer needs and the above issue, we will try our best not to happen the above issue in our hotel Bedroom concept As a five star hotel will have luxury bedrooms and bedroom service. Normally hotel rooms are divided into six types: one bed room, two double bed room, two bed executive room, king bed room, king bed executive room, and suite in order to meet customers satisfaction this hotel will have 28m by 2 spacious rooms that features the signature of their brands with the ceiling is about three meters highs, ultra comfortable bed and oversized pillows as well as the roomy bath amenities and walk-in showers made by Bliss Spa. Each room is equipped with supplementary wifi Internet and a plug and play connectivity, which links most computer devices to the 42 inches LCD TV, turning the guest room into a high technology office as well as entertainment room. Quality Control Quality control is the case of failure of many hospitality organization. Quality control is relatively easy to manage. In our hotel we will make sure quality is gone be on top of the range. the importance of the effective management of the delivery of quality service is becoming more evident throughout all aspects of the service sector and especially in the hospitality industry. The quality of service in hotel industry is an important factor of successful business. Existing trend of complete quality management in hotel industry ensures the achievement of competitive advantage of hotel companies. Similarly, the Ritz-Carlton hotel company, the recognized leader of the quality movement in the hotel industry, employs gold standards(their credo, motto, and basics) to communicate their commitment to quality service. Express Laundry Most probably in our hotel average guests stays at a hotel around two days, which makes getting laundry done a complicated matter. But our hotel will have Express Laundry. All shirts, blouses, socks, underwear, pants and other pieces of clothing, handed in before 8 p.m. will be returned fresh and clean that same evening. Check in and checkout This hotel will have a excellent check in system in place for the guest. The front office receptionist answer telephone and make reservation for the guest and will check the internet about reservation information . They also take messages and distribute mail both to guests and employees of the hotel. There is a special discount for the online customer so we encouraged our customer to book online. We will have a system to check out guest without causing any problem. Checkout procedures are essential for maintaining and growing our customer base that as the final impression that our customer will have of our hotel. We will ensure that our front office staff makes the most of this opportunity by developing a checklist for your checkout. This is one of way to meet customers satisfaction, keep customers loyalty. In our hotel there will a express check in and checkout system, so customer dont have to wait for check in or checkout in the front counter. Even with our improved departure process with Satellite Reception desks, some guests cannot spare the time to check-out in the morning. For our guests in a rush we offer Express Check-Out to save valuable time and ensure an efficient and accurate check-out, by offering the options of sending invoice by email, mail or a quick pick-up at the reception desk Bar service We will have bar area for the customer and there will be a restaurant in the same floor with open kitchen so customer can see directly how we take care of our customers food. We will have a live music show for our customer in every weekend and drinks for our customers and also open to public. We will have A large screen led TV on the other side of lobby. Sometimes, customers can watch football match whilst enjoying meal. High speed internet access This hotel will be providing high speed internet connection and hotel will have this following facilities:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ãƒ ¢- ª High-Speed Internet connection in the entire building including the common areas.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ãƒ ¢- ª Automatically assigns IP address via DHCP (Dynamically Host Control Protocol).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ãƒ ¢- ª Always-on Internet no dialup just plug in and start to browse.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ãƒ ¢- ª Each room is on its own Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) connection thus protecting your data from other users.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ãƒ ¢- ª Public internet protocol address assignment for VPN access.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ãƒ ¢- ª Firewall protection.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ãƒ ¢- ª 24 hour support service for technical assistance.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ãƒ ¢- ª No additional software required to connect. Conclusion As the customer service quality is affected by different elements such as hotel management and staffs , in the case of this Hotel, it will be obvious that solely the training is not enough for excellent service quality (Ford et al, 1998). . The dedication to adaptability and leadership of the management on change are also valuable to service quality The possibility and feasibility of establishment of a new contemporary hotel in Birmingham will be successful. This new concept of the hotel is designed and planned with the new planning and designing in order to make the guests stay very comfortable with confidante and with satisfaction. This hotel in Birmingham Will be giving sufficient power to effectively contribute customer satisfaction.

Internet and Technology :: essays research papers

Opportunities and Challenges of the Internet In a world of light-speed data transmission, any individual with little training and expertise can make a fortune from the Internet. Many companies, like E-bay or Amazon.com, thrive from business done only through Internet transactions. As computer technology progresses, data transmission becomes faster, and as high level encryption becomes available for public use, the amount of Internet consumers also grows. Technology advances also allow employees to work from home faster and safer. A manager's first challenge is to create a presence on the web. With a phone line, computer, and HyperText Markup Language (HTML) authoring tools, a business can advertise or do business over the Internet. HTML authoring tools can be freeware, like Sausage Software's Hot Dog, or advanced and expensive utilities like Microsoft Front Page. Any computer user familiar with a word processor can effectively use these applications with minimal training. Putting the HTML and graphic files on an Internet service provider's (ISP) servers is sufficient for relatively low traffic sites. Some online businesses, like Amazon.com, handle hundreds of thousands of people, or hits, everyday. They require specialized hardware and cabling to control the vast amount of traffic on there site per day. A manager's second challenge is to make the business's web site visible on the Internet. The first step in this process would be registering a domain name. Every computer connected to the Internet has a unique number attached to it called an IP address. To simplify finding specific computers on the 'Net, the numbers where substituted with alias called domain names. The names come in two levels, before and after the dot. Fees are generally a $70 startup cost then $35 per year to hold the license of the name. Network Solutions Inc. is the official registrar of domain names. Individuals in the past have registered company names, like Coca-Cola, to themselves and th en sold the domain license to the company for thousands of dollars. There are currently more than four million domain names registered with Network Solutions. Domain name registration is not required but makes your site much easier to find. Another way to make your site visible is to register certain keywords with the most popular search engines like Yahoo! and Alta Vista. Keywords are a small number of words that describe your site and business. These are the words web surfers will most likely type in to find your page.

Punishment or Treatment: What are our prisons for? Essay

INTRODUCTION   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Today, we always hear news about crimes being committed by many people. Moreover, those people who commit crimes tend to offend again their previous criminal acts.   The repeating of doing such criminal act is known as recidivism. Specifically, recidivism is the term used when someone, who after receiving a punishment or negative consequences of the criminal behavior, repeat his or her criminal behavior. Due to the alarming increase in recidivism cases, policy makers in a given country try to find out what will be the best option or solution that will help in decreasing the number of criminal cases and one of their options is the implementation of punishment or what they call deterrence and the other method is rehabilitation. Deterrence had been a hot issue regarding on its ethical background and most especially its effectiveness in counterattacking recidivism. Many said that it is not effective in its sole purpose. They added that there are other ways to prevent an individual in committing crime again other than forcing those individual to be punished by law. But there were studies that concluded deterrence to be an effective tool in decreasing crime rate among crime violators whether the deterrence is specific or general. The most popular form of deterrence is imprisonment. Imprisonment brings fright to those possible committers. And this limits them to do crime again because deterrence brings bad experience to those who were found to have committed crime. OBJECTIVE The main audiences of this paper are the policy makers that are concerned on recidivism issues. Lawmakers will make certain policy that will guide these offenders and will treat them offenders. The said audience is not limited only to policy makers but also to those people like parole and rehabilitation officers who assess and guides these criminal committers in their probation program. This paper will try to analyze recidivism occurrence. This paper will have a deep analysis on the reasons why people tend to commit again their previous criminal behavior given that they were already given the right treatment and appropriate consequences to extinguish that behavior. The paper will not only tackle recidivism but also take a look on the current situation on the policies and actions given to those people who commit criminal acts again. Potential intervention to reduce the risk of recidivism will be one of the focuses of this paper. The effectiveness of the current actions will be emphasized as it will serve as a guide to the people who handle this kind of issue. The paper will compare deterrence and rehabilitation as the two most popular solutions and actions when dealing with recidivism. Is longer deterrence and rehabilitation will lead to minimize recidivism or will just increase the repeating of undesirable behavior after they have either experienced negative consequences of that behavior, or have been treated or trained to extinguish that behavior? The paper will try to answer all these questions to enlighten and give knowledge to the proposed reader of this paper. III. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Recidivism and Deterrence In legal terms, deterrence and recidivism are two common terms used. These two terms have many meaning and it depends on the field that the two terms were utilized. Recidivism is the act of returning to the offense that was previously committed. It is the repetition or habitual committing on crimes. The word originated from the Latin word recidÄ «vus which means recurring. The said term is usually used in criminology. An example of recidivism case is when a sexual offender person who after release from prison does again sexual harassment. Recidivism does not only include sexual harassment but also other form of criminal acts. Recidivism rate has been a major problem of different countries and solution to the increasing rate on recidivism is being done (Maltz, 2007). Recidivism Theories After discussing recidivism, the next topic to talk about is the theories behind recidivism. The theories that will explain the occurrence of recidivism are: Anomie, Differential Association Theory, Deviance theory, Labeling theory, Rational Choice theory, Social Control theory, Strain theory, Subcultural theory and Symbolic Interactionism (Clarke & Felson, 1993). Anomie pertains to the condition malaise or depression of an individual. Depression is the result of minimal guidance set by the governing and ruling body of a country. It is the lack of rules and regulation, standards and values that hinder criminal behavior. When the term anomie is applied in a government, it means social unrest or turmoil. The term anomie is synonymous on normlessness. It means that a person in a society will react against from the social norms which are guided by the set of rules and standards of a given society. Anomie focuses on the social issues rather than on the individual reason why there are such incidences of recidivism. This theory emphasize that the society has big responsibility in molding and guiding every citizen in the right path. On the other hand, Differential Association theory is almost synonymous to anomie. The said theory was developed by Edwin Sutherland. According to Sutherland, differential association can be seen when a person is being affected by the people around him. That person learns the values of the values, attitudes and behavior of the people around him to do criminal behavior. Thus the society around an individual has big impact on the possible recidivism (Clarke & Felson, 1993). Deviant behavior is also a possible answer why people tend to engage in repeating criminal acts. When a person displays deviant behavior, he is more likely to commit crimes. He does not know nor follow rules in a given society (Clarke & Felson, 1993). Labeling theory is another aspect to look in understanding recidivism. In this theory, the person’s deviant behavior is being affected by the people around him because these people try to categorize or label him as a person with abnormal behavior. The society dictates and classifies a person which can include the deviant behavior (Clarke & Felson, 1993). Looking on the psychological aspect of a person with recidivism case, he or she may have some problem that cannot be resolved easily. Thus, his brain may not function well. That person will try to commit undesirable acts like crime. This is the main point of rational choice theory, in which the person weighs means and ends and makes rational decisions (Clarke & Felson, 1993). Another theory that has relation to deviant behavior is the Social Control theory. The theory hypothesizes that deviant behavior if a person is a result of the dissatisfaction in a society. The person will break laws as a sign of grief. On the other hand, the Subcultural theory states that within a society, there is a group of person that has natural deviant behavior. If these people meet together, then they will find comfort with each other because they have the same feeling when doing deviant acts (Clarke & Felson, 1993). And the last theory will be the Strain theory. In criminology, the strain theory states that social structures within society may encourage citizens to commit crime. When the structure of the society inhibits the needs of a person, there is a big possibility that this person will commit unnecessary behavior like crimes (Clarke & Felson, 1993).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For the past few years, the recidivism rate in the United States had a significant increase. Given the figure below, we can see that between 3 years, the number of recidivism in the country in 1994 within the 15 states had increased to 70% which is higher than the year 1983 which had a record of 60%.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to the Office of Justice Program, OPJ of the United Stares, 67.5% of prisoners released in 1994 were rearrested within 3 years, an increase over the 62.5% found for those released in 1983. The figure also shows that, all the crime categories had a relevant increase from 1983 to 1994. The property offenders, drug offenders and public-order offenders had increased from 68.1% to 73.8%, 50.4% to 66.7% and 54.6% to 62.2% respectively.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Moreover, OPJ emphasized that in the year 1994, recidivism rate within 3 years was estimated to be 51.8% of prisoners released during the year were back in prison for the reason of a committing fresh crime for which they received another prison sentence, or because they were not able to follow the regulations of their parole. Figure 1. Recidivism rate in 1983 and 1994 Deterrence   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For this paper, two topics regarding on the correctional methods will be focused and these are deterrence and parole and probation. These two methods differ with each other in terms of the process and principle being employed. The former believes that correctional means can be attained and achieved when punishment or negative consequence is applied in the crime committer while the former consider the rehabilitation and education of prisoners. Another term which has relation on recidivism is deterrence. Deterrence is the act of providing necessary punishment on those who commit crime. The degree of the punishment depends also on the degree of the crime that was committed (Maltz, 2007). There are two forms of deterrence, the specific and the general. The former describes deterrence as punishment given only to the individual who committed the crime while the latter describe deterrence as punishment on the general audience. Specific deterrence is also known as individual deterrence. The general deterrence focuses on general prevention of crime by making examples of specific deviants. The individual actor is not the focus of the attempt at behavioral change, but rather receives punishment in public view in order to deter other individuals from deviance in the future. Deterrence as a major tool in lessening recidivism rate gained many criticisms about its effectiveness. Many said that deterrence, whether it is specific or general, is not effective in decreasing the crime rate in the country. Some studies regarding on the effectiveness of deterrence found that violators are not afraid on the punishment, but rather they are more afraid on the act of caught. Usually, the offenders are the drug and alcohol abusers. This result was supported on the findings on areas where surveillance cameras were introduced. Possible violators were afraid to be caught from the surveillance cameras thus lowering the rate of crime cases. General deterrence has also been heavily criticized for relying on publicity of heavy punishments; it has been described as â€Å"the least effective and least fair principle of sentencing†. Other countries like the Great Britain believe on rehabilitation procedure rather than deterrence. Deterrence Theory But why deterrence is still being implemented in many criminal procedures? To answer this question, it is better to examine the principle behind the use of punishment to eradicate crimes. In behavioral psychology, deterrence is theory on introducing punishment for those who violated the law. Today, United States is adopting and implementing this practice in their criminal justice procedure. The principle behind the use of an iron hand for those who committed crime is that, the violator will be afraid when introduced to punishment and will refrain from doing it again. Deterrence: Effective or not? This paper will try to analyze the effectiveness if deterrence in minimizing the crime rate or the recidivism among countries. Also, the two types of deterrence, specific and general will be examined. There were many studies were conducted to address the problem in the rise of recidivism. Part of the studies was the implementation of punishment among the violators. The studies analyze procedure on the implementation as well the effectiveness of the said procedures. According to the study that was made by National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, punishment among violators on individuals who are apprehended for driving under the alcohol influence (DUI), driving while intoxicated (DWI), or related offenses such as driving after suspension for a DUI and violation of zero tolerance laws found that giving them a sanction is effective in doing the said crimes again. As a matter of fact, many policy makers use punishment to control the rise of crimes on their countries. They developed laws that will hinder in doing offense or any unlawful act. People are afraid on the punishment like going to jail. The principle behind the use of any kind of punishment is the inculcation or realization of the bad experiences from punishment (Henry, 2003). Specific deterrence has a positive effect on the decrease in the rate of crime cases. An individual will think again if he or she will do the crime again after the individual had a bad experience of the punishment he or she received earlier. This will make the potential offender afraid on the possible sanction he may incur and will also produce doubt in doing the crime again (Martin & Ellis, 1998). General deterrence also produce a positive effect in relation to the lessening the crime rate in a given place. People will have an idea on the proposed sentence or penalty. The most popular example of general deterrence is going to jail. The media will broadcast the bad condition of a person in a jail. According to studies, jail imprisonment is more effective as a general deterrent, but it appears to be no more effective as a specific deterrent for reducing DUI recidivism than other sanctions, and it is far more costly (Martin & Ellis, 1998). Another form of deterrence is the administrative license suspension or any other criminal records that will be a problem is any job employment. When a person committed a crime, he or she will have criminal record and when this person will apply for a job, the company he or she is applying will need a criminal clearance, if in United States, an FBI clearance. When the person applying for the job had a criminal record, the company will hesitate to employ the said individual. This form of deterrence had created an impact in the reduction of recidivism (Martin & Ellis, 1998). To strengthen the argument on the effectiveness of deterrence when it comes to the elimination of recidivism, another study was conducted to determine the effect of the length of imprisonment to the number of law violations.   According to Weinrath and Gartrell (2001), they concluded that sentence length exerted consistent deterrent effects on repeat drunk driving, even for chronic offenders. While in a shorter jail imprisonment, the offenders that will be imprisoned at shorter time were more likely to repeat their habitual crime commitment. This finding will strengthen the evidence on the argument that deterrence is an effective tool in lessening the crime rate in a given place ( Weinrath and Gartrell, 2001). Moreover, longer deterrence has positive impact in lessening recidivism rate. Another classification of deterrence is the severity and strictness. According to Henry (2003), mild punishment tends to have positive effects on decreasing recidivism while those severe consequences produce negative effects. Psychological research on punishment in has shown that mild punishment can be effective in changing behavior and is dependent on the frequency, immediacy application and with positive reinforcement of pro-social behavior. On the other hand, severe punishment will only lead to avoidance or escape, alienation of those punished, and aggressiveness. Parole and Rehabilitation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are many possible causes why recidivism is present in our society. One is the problem in their family. When the parents of the family are not around in their home or a broken family, these are possible factors. The most prone to commit recidivism that is results on the minimal parental guidance are the youth or juvenile. The juveniles are not being monitored on their activities. This kind of family structure is not good for a child because juveniles has a low self control especially when encountering serious problem like family problems, they tend to break and to escape to the problem, they break the laws and norms of the society. In this period, they are engage in drinking alcohol and drug abusing. There will come a time when they will repeat the crime they had committed before.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Problems in their schooling are other factors that contribute to the increase in juvenile recidivism cases. If a child experience failing grades or does not do well in class, the child will find a way to escape on their problems and this may lead to juvenile delinquency activities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another major cause of recidivism among is the social factor. This can be explained when a person experienced racial discrimination, sexual harassment, abandonment, physical abuse and neglect. The society may dictate what an innocent person can do. If a person is surrounded by criminal incidences, that person may be influenced by these wrong doings. This is somewhat related to peer to peer relation. If group of people has engaged in wrong doing like alcohol drinking, drug abusing, the innocent person may be influenced. (Roberts, 2000)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Because of the alarming news and impact of recidivism in the society, the government of United States made a program to lessen the impacts and cases of reoffending of criminal acts in the society. Lawmakers made a response to these issues. They made laws and policies that will eliminate recidivism cases in the society. Children who commits the case were been rehabilitate in a rehabilitation center to put in to realization the crime they had committed and how to escape from the disorder of their behaviors.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Parole and probation are both part of the rehabilitation program made by lawmakers. Dressler (1959) defined parole as the release of the delinquent outside the rehabilitation center under supervision of a parole officer. The offender had undergone rehabilitation in a correctional center. The word parole was in the French language is defined as promise and in dictionary context it is word of honor. The release is conditional and the behavior of the delinquent is being monitored. While probation is the release of the delinquent to the community in which he can rehabilitate his behavior better. Like parole, the offender’s behavior is being monitored by the probation officer. The word probation comes from the Latin language meaning a period of supervision and guidance. Probation in church term means the period were a person is seeking in the entrance to the church.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In a rehabilitation center, probation is a treatment where the offender will have the chance to have socialized in a community. Probation and parole programs are being handled by the court members.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The delinquent under parole program had stayed in the rehabilitation center. Both parole and probation programs are made to change the behavioral problems of the offenders. They believe that rehabilitation can be made better to the offenders if they stay in a community than staying in prison. In the parole program, offenders are given the second chance to change their behaviors, as well in the probation program. The offenders tend to learn their lesson after they undergone in this two programs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Torbet (1996) said that probation or parole program on recidivism cases has been overwhelming dispositional decision of court judges. Almost half of the recidivism cases were made to probation or parole program. Torbet said also that probation is the roughest sanction that the offender can received. At the end of 80’s decade, Whitehead and Lab (1989) made a meta analysis on the effects of probation or parole treatment on the behavior of the juvenile delinquent and concluded that probation programs lessen the recidivism of the offender.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In 1992, Lipsey released another meta analysis study regarding on probation or parole programs. The result also showed that recidivism was lessening on juvenile delinquent when probation is granted to them than those in comparison group. In 1998, Lipsey together with Wilson conducted another Meta analysis study on the effects of serious juvenile delinquent cases to probation program. The result also showed that probation lessens the cases in recidivism. The results also suggest that there are many variations on how the probation program is being worked.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Some studies had been conducted to determine the effects of the duration of probation programs to recidivism. Wooldredge in 1998 found that the longer the time of probation the greater are the incidence of recidivism. Longer duration made the offenders to have impatience and disrespect on the probation officers. Wooldredge concluded that two years of supervision is the ideal duration for a probation program.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another study was conducted by Sontheimer and Goodstein (1993) to find out how intensive probation aftercare programs lessen the occurrence of offending using random assignment. And the result showed that it does not lessen the occurrence that the offender will commit again juvenile crime. Parole and Probation; Effective or not?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Effective response on recidivism cases is a key to minimize the occurrence of the said cases.   Effective intervention on the possible causes of recidivism cases and the proper management to the offenders is the first step in reducing the reoffending of crime cases.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Studies show that effective intervention reduce the recidivism rate. The effective intervention has a significant effect on recidivism rate. It made a 6% reduction from the previous cases. (Lipsey, 1992)    References: Clarke, R. V. and M. Felson   (1993). Advances in Criminological Theory, Vol 5. New   Ã‚   Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books. Dressler, D. (1959). Practice and Theory of Probation and Parole. Henry, S. (2003). On the Effectiveness of Prison as Punishment [Electronic Version]. Retrieved April 15, 2008, from http://www.is.wayne.edu/stuarthenry/Effectiveness_of_Punishment.htm Lipsey, M. W. (1992). Juvenile delinquency treatment:Ameta-analytic inquiry into the ariabilityof effects.: New York: RussellSage Foundation. Maltz, M. D. Recidivism. (2007). [Electronic Version]. Retrieved April 15, 2008, from http://www.uic.edu/depts/lib/forr/pdf/crimjust/recidivism.pdf Martin, S. E., & Ellis, E. (1998). EFFECTIVENESS OF STRATEGIES FOR PREVENTING DUI RECIDIVISM [Electronic Version]. Retrieved April 15, 2008, from http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PAS-99-023.html Roberts, C. H. (2000). Juvenile Delinquency: Cause and Effect. Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute, II. Sontheimer, H., &Goodstein, L. (1993). An evaluation of juvenile intensive aftercare probation: Aftercare versus system response effects. Justice Quarterly,. Torbet, P. M. (1996). Juvenile probation: The workhorse of the juvenile justice system. Washington Weinrath, M., & Gartrell, J. (2001). Specific Deterrence and Sentence Length. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, Vol. 17(2, 105-122 ). Whitehead, J. T., &Lab, S.P. (1989). Ameta-analysis of juvenile correctional treatment. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, Wooldredge, J. D. (1988). Differentiating the effects of juvenile court sentences on eliminating recidivism. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency.